To what extent have the fair-trade initiatives increased standard of Research Paper

To what extent have the fair-trade initiatives increased standard of living in West Africa - Research Paper Example The paper tells that since the end of World War II, the industrialized countries of the world have been befitting from consistently increasing world trade patterns. International trade fuels both national economies and the international economy, determining the wellbeing of individual States, and directly affecting the standard of living of the population of every country in the world. In West Africa, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) is the overarching economic and political structure, within which unrestricted trade is meant to take place. This structure was set up to promote â€Å"cooperation and integration† leading to an economic union in West Africa â€Å"in order to raise the living standards of its peoples†. A Pan-Africanist slant is also evident in that the intention to promote progress and development on the whole continent is explicitly stated. Thus a common market was an original intention; regional economic reform would have to take pla ce; integration particularly in food, agriculture and natural resources was seen as vital; and the establishment of a common market through liberalization of trade among West African States was envisioned. An important aspect of the ECOWAS initiative is also to ensure a â€Å"common external tariff† and trade policy with regard to third countries. Additionally, a stated intention in the ECOWAS revised treaty is to promote â€Å"balanced development† and a focus on the â€Å"special problems of each Member State particularly those of land-locked and small island Member States†.... This has not happened. The elites – both within countries and within the region continue to be advantaged, while the poor continue to grow in number, and in levels of poverty. Analysis surrounding the economies of West Africa, their political stances, and their trade policies, as well as the world economy, and West Africa’s part in it will be examined in this paper. The information from the analyses is organized in the Findings Section, to show the realities of the situation in West African countries and their economic relationships with particularly the Western, developed world. In the Comments and Recommendations Section of this essay, it is proposed that the exploitative relationship which has existed between African developing or underdeveloped countries (and other developing countries) since slavery and colonialism has not been redressed. Instead, initiatives such as Free Trade agreementsNote that this has been introduced earlier, extensively within associations su ch as the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) have no chance of success because of the nature of the trade balance which continues to exist between developing countries and the developed world. All that is maintained is the advantage of the Western power blocs over the developing world, in the guise of aiming to stimulate and improve conditions in these countries. The essay concludes with a summary comment on the nature of the economic, political and power relationships between the countries of West Africa, as well as ECOWAS and the world. Analysis There tends to be a bias toward the economic principles, values and norms of the West in much writing about the economics of West Africa

Educating Rita Essay Example for Free

Educating Rita Essay Willy Russell was born just outside Liverpool, but at the age of 5, moved to Knowsley. Academically he was a failure at school, but it was during English silent reading lessons that he realized he wanted to be a writer. He left school with an English O level as his only qualification to work for six years as a hairdresser. The plays he has written include: Our Day Out, Educating Rita, Blood Brothers. Blood Brothers was a musical written in the 1980s about twin brothers who are separated at birth, but in later years become friends. They are friends throughout their childhood and always look out for each other. The play starts at the end, then goes back and tells the events that lead to the situations. Class was a major issue covered in the play the Lyons family was upper class and the Johnson family was lower class. If this class system wasnt in the play then the meeting of Mrs. Johnson and Mrs. Lyons would not have happened, Mrs. Lyons employed Mrs. Johnson to clean her house so if the two different classes werent addressed in the play then Edward would have stayed with Mrs. Johnson, so this issue was also a theme that had a useful part in the play. The play is also built upon the theme of the superstition that if twins are separated at birth then they will die on the day that they discover that they are twins. This theme is reinforced throughout the play by the words of the narrator to keep the audience thinking about what will happen. The first time we see the theme of superstition is when the narrator first begins to speak and he says, So did you hear the story of the Johnston twins? How one was kept and one Given away Never knowing that they shared one name till the day they died At the end of the play the narrators last few lines are do we blame superstition for what came to pass or could it be what we, the English come to know as class. I think this is a very true statement that the class system is what killed them. Also the themes of love and friendship were in the play, this was between Eddy and Mickey who where blood brothers and Linda was in love with Mickey. The narrators songs had verses in most of the songs that stuck in my head, these were the lines to do with superstition like shoes on the table and the devils got your number. Act 2, Scene 2 shows the first meeting between the two boys. This is where Willy Russell explores class difference. He does this by contrasting the backgrounds that the boys were brought up in. Mickey, the twin that was kept, was brought up in a working class background with little money and uses slang terms and vulgar language, Im pissed off. Whereas Edward was brought up in a family that had a car, a nice house and plenty of money. This meant that he would have a better education and therefore have better opportunities in life. He also speaks very well and posh. Eddie is absolutely fascinated by the way that Mickey speaks as the people he is around dont usually speak like that, You say smashing things dont you? . My initial opinion of Eddie is hat he is friendly and confident, Are you going to come and play there again? , because he just goes over and starts talking to Mickey. Mickeys initial reaction is that he is suspicious of why Eddie started talking to him. Another time that Mickey is suspicious is when Eddie offers him some sweets. His reaction is one of shock, Are you soft? . I think he reacts like this because the people he grew up with had little as are poor and cant share what they do have. He also worries that people may have tampered with it, if Sammy gives you a sweet hes usually weed on it first. Ironically this is the scene where the two boys make a pact to become Blood Brothers. In Act 4, Scene 2 the difference in class becomes more apparent. Eddie returns at Christmas from university while Mickey is struggling to provide a living for his family. The brotherly bond between them seems to have disappeared.

Analyze The Haagen Dazs Marketing Essay

Analyze The Haagen Dazs Marketing Essay Through this assignment we are going to analyze the Haagen Dazs ® brand and the strategy that theyre adapting, in order to achieve and maintain the luxury image of this product. The interesting thing with this brand is that it belongs in one of the most valuable brands, despite the fact that it belongs in a very difficult industry for luxury brands, as the ice cream industry which is considered as a low cost industry. But Haagen Dazs, by continuing its excellent job in quality and launching of new unique flavors, is still enjoying its premium brand position as well as high price and profit margins. This story will prove us how a brand in a low price selling industry and specific target group directions can differentiate its position and build a luxury brand icon and targeting in customers that are willing to pay premium price in order to taste the world best flavors. We will also notice that too much advertising in TV, Radio is not the key marketing issue, since Haagen Dazs has bee n mainly developed as a luxury ice cream due to the world of mouth advertising. It is impressive that this brand has made its first advertising TV campaign in 1983, after almost 60 years and having already being famous for its luxurious positioning and well known as the creator of the luxury ice-cream category. Haagen Dazs started its history in early 1920s, thanks to the dream of the young Reuben Mattus. Mr. Mattus was working in a family business, transferring with his bicycle ice creams to their customers in the streets of Bronx in New York. This small family business was developing business in the same local way until 1960. It was then that Mr. Mattus took the big decision, supported also from his wife, to change the function of the business and targeting in further development of their products. He set up the brand name Haagen Dazs and the company begun with three basic flavors, focusing always in premium quality production. This was the reason that the ingredients were only coming from their country of physical production. Dark chocolate from Belgium, vanilla beans from Madagascar, macadamia nuts from Hawaii. In contrast with other ice cream producers, Haagen Dazs is using a high percentage of milk and cream, to create an original and more dense ice cream. Fresh cream and egg yolk wer e used to give the ice creams a rich creamy flavor and fresh skimmed milk was used for the body and texture of the ice cream http://www.icmrindia.org, (viewed 21 March 2011) . Having reached the premium quality the product became famous very quickly, and the demand started growing due to the mouth advertising only. In the start, Haagen dazs ice creams were only placed in luxury shops in New York and after were further distributed in the southern coasts of United States. By 1973, the brand was further distributed in the entire cities of United States. The first Haagen Dazs shop has been opened in 1976, by Mr. Mattus daughter, Doris. This strategic move was resulted of a huge success and as a result Haagen dazs products were spread in all United States. In 1983 Haagen Dazs brand was sold in Pillsbury Company and then in General Mills group, since Pillsbury was acquired from General Mills in 2001. Pillsbury was truly committed to the dream of Mr. Mattus and the ice cream remained in the same quality level with a large variety of unique flavors, spreading the variety in more than 100 flavors, including ice cream, ice cream bars, ice cream cakes, frozen yogurts, sorbets. General Mills group is operating in a global level and has reported in 2009 $14,7 billion turnovers and net profits of $2,6 billion. (According to General Mills annual report, 2009). Untitled.png 2. Brand Analysis 2.1. Positioning Haagen Dazs is positioned, mainly based on its products and service differentiation. As we have referred, they are trying always to maintain the quality due to the special selected ingredients coming only from their physical country of origin. In addition the high cream density, with no excess air is offering truly unique ice cream experience. In order the quality to be ensured, the company is strictly testing daily not only the suppliers, but also all the phases of manufacturing processes. The company fulfills its brand image with a big variety produced only by the best ingredients around the world. Its position is also based on their image differentiation following always a luxury brand strategy. There is a specific logo with golden colors and black fonts in order to pass the luxurious icon. The logo is also accompanied with the moto made like no other ®. All the advertisements are focusing in highlighting the luxury flavors of the products and the unique exotic tastes. 2.2. Target Group Haagen Dazs has differentiated its target group from the start of its growth. While the ice-cream industry was considered worldwide as a low price industry and mostly targeting in small ages, haagen dazs has from the start been focus on adults, who love the luxurious ice cream flavors. An important reason for taking this choice, has been their premium price strategy, since only the financially independent adults could spend more money for high quality ice creams. The second target market, are the health conscious adults, who are interested in desserts but they prefer natural ingredients and low fat substitutes. Focusing only on these two target segments, they might have a small market potential, but the profit margins are much higher. With this differentiation Haagen dazs is playing alone in this interesting market field. 2.3. Segmentation Haagen Dazs is segmenting in its business according to three major segments. These segments are, demographic, socio-cultural and psychographic. Looking on demographics, the company focuses on adults who have higher income and could spend in luxuries as for example premium price ice-creams. But beside of the age, they often tend to approach couples, by relating many flavors with romance advertising and pleasure that can be earned when a couple tastes a haagen dazs dessert. The second one is the socio-cultural segmentation. Intercultural management has been very successful by the haagen dazs marketers. Big variety of flavors can cover any need according to each countrys habits. For example, Europeans have some preferences in alcohol drinking, while Asian people have preferences in teas. Islamic countries are negative in romance images, while western populations are more enthusiastic on that. The third segment is according to psychographic characteristics. There are many people who love luxurious brands and need of being members of this brand category. Usually they feel more special, different and in higher quality level than the others. These category of people are too emotionally linked to brands and since branding is mainly emotional based, this target segment is very important for Haagen Dazs. Thus, in the haagen dazs shops the company tries to train the franchisers to focus on a high quality service, behavior and keeping the products within a way that they can be always fresh and delicious. 3. SWOT Analysis Strengths Well known brand synonymous with a history of luxury, premium ice cream leader producer. Strong market position. Intelligent market targeting and segmentation. Weaknesses High distribution cost. Bad image of many franchise shops, non related with the brand image. Opportunities Ice cream market is growing. Outside lunching is increasing. Development of other markets, BRIC markets. New trend in creams placement, i.e. cinemas, ho.re.ca. Threats Ben Jerrys competition. Nestle integration in the premium price ice cream market. Increase of ingredients price, oil price, distribution cost. 4. Marketing Mix Product As we have referred the production of the product is based on high quality ingredients and rich creamy taste. The packaging is also important, having a specific protective cap to assure the material in each pot. The products are categorized by size, in individual cups, family caps, bars, sundae cones, and high weight packages for mass sales. (5kg, 10kg, etc). Very special flavors are often produced in limited quantities and higher prices, reminding the luxury brand strategy. Place Haagen dazs is directly distributed with refrigerated vehicles to the customers. Customers might be super markets, high class shops, high class restaurants, hotels, food industry chains, i.e., pizza hut, simply burgers, movie places, i.e. cinemas, movie selling shops, other known chains, i.e. IKEA, cruise boats and finally to the haagen dazs franchise shops. Price The brand is characterized of a premium price, which is excused due to the ingredients and the high taste quality. Price varies among the several flavors. Haagen dazs is still the price leader and the competition as for example Ben Jerrys, follows H. Dazs strategy. Promotion The product is not so much advertised in mass media as are TV, radio. It is mainly advertised in printed themes. All advertisements targeting in express the product quality and the differentiation against competition. Trade marketing is more developed than other means, sponsorships and events are also usual methods. Advertising is mainly focus in haagen dazs credentials. 5. Evaluation of H.D. brand Strategy -Recommendations Haagen Dazs is a very well established brand in the ice cream industry and has been successfully placed in many countries worldwide. Focusing on the adults has been a brilliant idea, because of income advantages, high tighten-emotional relationships with brand lifestyle. This generation is much more recognizing and desire high quality, in comparison with the youngest one, who looks more as turn around consumers. The company should continue targeting on the adults, but they must not forget that the younger generation is also growing. It might be a good period in start searching their mind and introducing the brand value to this generation as well. Romance flavors might not be so successful, because they are mainly addressed to younger ages. So, H.D. should also start target the younger couples, but with the appropriate advertising messages through different civilizations, ethics and moralities. For example, if you want to address in younger couples, advertising should have more sexy and funny images, but you have to pay attention in the different moralities. Nevertheless, if the company will develop such campaign, they should take in consideration that it has to be does with a much more spread advertizing messages depending on the country. The company is correct based on the original ingredients and this fact has given them the premium quality awareness worldwide. But taking in consideration that the population is growing rapidly, the brand might be prisoner in its own choices. The demand might not be able to be covered from the existing ingredient quantities, since they are reduced a lot every day. Reducing might also create price increases and then the brand could face many difficulties in remaining in the market. It might be the ideal time to rethink again their production recipes, or invest in ingredients production worldwide, which will offer them a competitive advantage. Resources and capabilities must be planned in a better way in order to face the future with more power. In order to develop internationally, they have to focus more in the exclusive haagen dazs shops, who are expressing the brand icon in the several markets. H.D. looks weaker in this development in international field and competition in many places is more powerful. They can train their franchisers, or establish Franchise supervisor managers and trainers. Personal relationship and selling must also be more developed in this sector of exclusive shops. The development of the Brand internationally and premium price strategy has been enough successful, but in many countries as China, the brand is luxury, but so luxury that is placed only in too much luxury places. After a research in the web, I found a very characteristic statement of Mr. Eddie Lu, marketing manager of H.D. in Shanghai, which signifies this problem: In Beijing, freezers selling Haagen Dazs stand proudly in the lobbies of five star hotels. The price for a pint of Swiss vanilla: $10, compared to $3 in the U.S. However people dont mind paying for prestige items, especially if they are foreign. This issue has to be serious taken under consideration, since Middle East and the BRIC countries are the most potential markets and you cannot leave them outside of your growth strategies. After my research for this assignment, I have realized that H.D. has a very small market share in many countries of Middle East. They have for example to invest more in finding flavors more suitable to these populations. 6. Conclusion Ice cream is a very dynamic industry, which is growing every day. Haagen Dazs is at the moment the global leader in this field, but no one is certain that they can be always in this position. Time passes, lifestyle changes, leading markets are changing and this fact means that marketers of Haagen Dazs should work a lot in adjust their strategy in the new challenges that are in front of us. The brand is dominating the ice cream market for many years, but external and internal factors should be reconsidered in order to face future with success. The marketing mix of haagen dazs is really impressive and offered to the brand, the luxury image and brand equity for years. By continue being committed in their ingredients strategy, correcting things that we referred as logistics, production, resources, growth gaps, attention to intercultural ethics-morals, norms, franchising strategy improvement, Haagen Dazs can definitely continue being a golden brand and situated always ahead of competition as they have been doing for many years in the past.

View Advertising Tracking Devices with Caution Essay -- Business Priva

In today’s society, one can see that tracking a person has become much easier with the technology advances that have been developed. When most people think of tracking devices they primarily think of negative issues, but that has all changed now. A tracking device the size of a tic tack that can be surgically implanted to provide a tamper proof means of identification, enhanced e-business security, locating lost or missing individuals, monitoring heart rate, vital signs, tracking of the elderly, the location of valuable property, and monitoring the medical conditions of at risk patients. With advertisement companies, tracking device software is used to allow the customers information on the status of package, delivery address, and the person that signed for the package. However, advertisers could use that private information to their advantage and try to sell that person more frivolous objects or pass that information to another advertisement company. Tracking devices can be m arketed toward other companies that advertise luxury cars or other industrial goods, but when those companies buy that product, they will be put in a purchasing list and the company that sold that product will keep track of that particular company and try to sell more goods. Cookies are used by internet shopping sites to keep track of what is being purchased by that person who is on that site, but used as a device for tracking browsing and buying habits of individual web users. Through the analytical view of cause and effect of internet cookies and tracking devices, one can understand the good qualities, but dangerous misuses of having a tracking chip in the advertising world. Despite the flaws of a tracking device, there are many reasons why advertisers are ... ...the controversies are. Basically, the issue involving tracking devices may lead to a person using one for security or interrogative purposes or use one for their own perverted or invasive pleasure. In conclusion, one should not take tracking devices lightly. Works Cited Lewen, Todd. â€Å"Chips: High Tech Aids or Tracking Tools?† www.usatoday.com. September 3, 2008 Newlyn, Korbin. â€Å"GPS Tracking Devices- Teens vs. Parents, Law Enforcement vs. Invasion of Privacy.† www.buzzle.com. September 15, 2008 â€Å"New Campaigns.† B to B 86. Expanded Academic ASAP. Gale. Orange Coast College Library. October 1, 2008 Bowes, Elena. â€Å"Rita: A Highly Competent Secretary, Helps Deliver Fiscal Health to UPS.† Advertising Age International (December 1999). Expanded Academic ASAP. Gale. Orange Coast College Library. October 1, 2008. â€Å"Internet Cookies.† www.ciac.org. October 1, 2008

Julian Assange: Hero or Terrorist

Attention Getter: George Orwell once said,† Political Language is designed to make lies sound truthful and murder respectable, and to give an appearance of solidity to pure wind. † 2. Bond: Link to Audience: It’s easy to take our 1st amendment rights for granted but imagine if we didn’t have them anymore. Can you imagine living in an America where it’s considered treason to say what you think and to tell the world what you know? Well, that is what the current battle between our government and Julian Assange is about. . †Credentials† of speaker: I have been following the developing story of Julian Assange for the last 3 years. So, it’s fair to say that I know a little bit about him. 4. Thesis: My research leads me to believe that Julian Assange should be afforded the same rights as every other journalist. 5. Speech Preview: First, I’m going to talk about the global smear campaign against Julian Assange. After that, I’m going to talk about the violations that the U. S. is posing to his human rights.Finally, I am going to talk about what America is going to look like if we don’t have our rights anymore. 6. Transition: But let’s start with the smears that have been dealt to Julian Assange. II. Body 1. Main Point #1: a. State Point 1: A global smear campaign is going on right this moment against Julian Assange. b. Argument: Some are saying that he is a woman raping terrorist. c. Proof: In an article by BBC News, Julian Assange said he believes that currently there is a global smear campaign to make him look disreputable and crazy.I read in an eBook called, Assange Agonistes that Nick Davies, a journalist for the New York Times, said that America’s preferred method of control is through Media management. He also said that the American government is,† the biggest media manipulation machine in the history of mankind. † I think that this is absolutely true because this isn ’t the first time the U. S. government has used smear tactics against someone who stood up against them. I discovered 2 other incidents where our government and a major bank had smeared someone’s name through the use of exual misconduct charges; the first being Scott Ritter. I watched a video on YouTube by The Young Turks, where they were discussing the allegations that were brought up against Julian Assange. In the video they were talking about how Scott Ritter, a decorated war veteran, who spoke out against the war in Iraq and said that there were no weapons of mass destruction in Iraq. Soon after Ritter made that statement, alleged sex charges were brought up against him to make him look like a dirty old rapist who would do anything to make our government look bad.The second case I also discovered was about Elliot Spitzer, who accused the banks of insider trading. Suddenly the North Fork Bank reported to the IRS that Spitzer was using funds to pay for a hooker and s ex charges were brought up against him. Due to the media scandal he resigned from his position as Governor of New York because it painted a negative reflection on our government. d. Give an Example: In an article that I read on Wired. com it talks about a woman that has accused Julian Assange of raping her. In the article it describes the process by which this woman describes her â€Å"incident† with Assange.Ms. Anna Ardin said that he pinned her down to the bed when she reached for a condom, but then he consented and put a condom on. According to Ms. Ardin she feels she was raped because the condom broke at some point in time during the act. While I was investigating I found out that she had posted to her blog the â€Å"7 steps to get legal revenge. † I personally don’t find her story very credible after reading a translation of her blog. Ms. Ardin is known in Sweden for her feministic views  on how men achieve social dominance through sex.The government was anxious to pounce on her accusations of rape even though she is a known feminist with a history of reporting baseless rape. I do not find this a coincidence that a few days before the rape accusation Mr. Assange had released an embarrassing video of US soldiers gunning down no less than a dozen unarmed civilians in Iraq, while they were talking about it like it was a game of Call of Duty. Julian believes it was not a coincidence that after he embarrassed the U. S. by leaking this video, he was then accused of a crime that would have him extradited back to Sweden and then to the U. S. for further punishment.This was before they discovered there was nothing that the US government could charge him with and it was a violation of his human rights to send him to Sweden where he hadn’t been charged for the alleged crime. To date Julian has never been charged with the rape of this woman and has been confined to house arrest for more than 500 days without any charge against him. e. Re state the point: There is a global smear campaign set against Julian Assange because he is the face of WikiLeaks. g. Transition Sentence: Next, let’s talk about the violation to his rights. 2. Main Point #2: Solutions to those problems . State Point 2: The U. S. government is violating Julian Assange’s human rights.b. Argument: In an article by The Atlantic quoted Hillary Clinton saying that Julian Assange was attacking their international community. c. Refutation: Julian Assange is a journalist and is protected by the U. N. ’s Declaration of Human Rights under article 19. Under article 19 it says: Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers. . Give an Example: In 1968 when we were in the thick of the Vietnam War there was a man named Daniel Ellsberg that was courageous and released classified Pentagon documents to the New York Times. On History. com and from my uncle, who was a journalist in the Vietnam War, I learned that that the war ended earlier as a result of a public outcry, where 75% of the American population protested the war. Daniel Ellsberg also helped end the war by releasing classified documents that exposed the lies that made us go to war in the first place which forced President Reagan to withdraw from Vietnam.If we stand together and say that we need to stop unjustly blaming Julian Assange for promoting a more transparent government and take a look at what it is that we are unknowingly promoting. Julian Assange believes that we have the right to know about the lies and secret dealings going on by our government. It is our right to know what they are saying and doing behind closed doors. Yes, there are instances where our government needs to have secrets, but that doesn’t mean that they can to lie to us about the general majority of secr et dealings that are going on.If Julian Assange is attacking our International Community then maybe it needs to be attacked because what is going on right now and all the lies that we are being told need to be known. We need to see just what is going on. We need to know why the rest of the world hates us so much. e. Restate the Point: Julian Assange’s human rights are being violated and we need to do something about it. 3. Main Point #3: Visualization a. State Point 3: Imagine an America where it becomes treason to say what you think and to tell others about it. b.Argument: Our government would say that there is a need to be censored in order to keep us safe. c. Refutation: Our 1st Amendment rights are going to disappear if we don’t halt this violation right now. Pretty soon we’re going to be trapped in a world where we don’t have our most basic of rights. Imagine a world populated with militarized police and being under lock down in an authoritarian dict atorship where we no longer have any rights or freedom. How many of you believe that the governments placing cameras on the roads and on top of buildings are really about watching traffic?I believe that it is really about watching the people. So, it’s already begun. d. Give an Example: We need to stand together and we need to tell our friends and loved ones. Spread the word tell people about what’s going on! Everyone needs to know that our rights are at risk right now! e. Restate the point: America is going to change dramatically if Julian Assange is arrested for being a journalist. f. Transition: Let’s summarize what I have been talking to you about today. III. Conclusion 1.Restate thesis: Julian Assange should be afforded the same rights as every other Journalist. 2. Restate main points: Julian Assange is being attacked by so many companies and governments. His rights are being violated and it’s going to change America if our government succeeds in arre sting Julian Assange. 3. Call- to-Action: Protest! Say what you think! We need to challenge our government and show them that they are wrong because if we don’t America, the so-called land of the free, is soon to be the Soviet America.

Human Resource Management and Organizational Behaviour Within a Multinational Leader H&M

Human resource management and organizational behaviour within a multinational leader Hennes & Mauritz is a multinational retail-clothing company operating in 38 countries and employing a total of 87,000 people. It has been founded in 1947 in Sweden and experienced a rapid growth due to international expansion since the 1960’s. H&M’s mission is at the same time one of the reason for its big and fast success; offering fashion and quality at the best price. Customer expactations are supposed to be exceeded at all times as well as customers being satisfied with the company itself. In order to achieve that H&M needs to sustain its very positive brand image and staff that is organized in the best possible way to handle those goals set. In its annual report it is stated that the company’s focus should be on commercial mindset, simplicity, constant improvement, cost consciousness and entrepreneurship. With those aspects in mind, the long term goal being „making fashion available to everyone, giving the customer a fashion experience that strengthens H&M brandâ€Å" should be reached allowing the business to further expand and to enter new markets on the basis of a 10-15% growth per year, funded internally. Over the years, the company has set a strategy which has the three main aspects of price, design and merger &acquisitions. First of all, since H&M always tries to offer their customers the lowest price possible, they need to achieve a competitive advantage to achieve low costs, and sustaining profitability at very low prices. This is achieved through keeping the number of middlemen to a minimum, benefiting of economies of scale, taking advantage of their great experience and selecting suppliers carefully and keeping distribution costs as low as possible. Designing is completly processed inh-house while all of the production is outsorced but its outcome is tested carefully on a regular basis to ensure high quality at all times. Mergers & acquistions have also been one of the company’s major strategy in the past, especially focusing on acquisitions of small design companies to enrich their product portfolio and being able to offer diversified products worldwide which is an essential part of their international expansion strategy. H&M’s corporate strategy is to expand on a continuing basis, and as a consequence, employee strength also increases continuously. For 2009, H&M’s The continous expansion means that there is also an ongoing process of recruitment within the company, as additional staff is needed with every new shop opening. Annual increase in the number of employees for the upcoming years is 5000-10,000 people from all different kinds of backgrounds, mostly recruited locally at the place of store opening. H&M puts a strong emhasis is to maintain their image of being a good employer, which will help them not only to be confronted with a higher number of applicants for job vaccancies, but also reduces staff turnover as well as it increases employee’s satisfaction towards their job and hence, productivity. This also includes making efforts that exceed national requirements of employer’s responsibilities, which are, especially in some of the recently entered asian markets, very low compared to western standards. This objective is summarized by the HR department as following: â€Å"In order to meet people’s expectations of H&M as an attractive employer, the company develops global guide lines on diversity, equal rights and against discrimination† Hennes & Mauritz wants to give every employee the feeling that they are an essential part of the business, constently offering them to develop and giving the positive signals that promotions are within the company are always ahead. The company is very open towards trade unions and is known for its good and close communication on an employee-management level. Represantitves are being elected which frequently discuss possibilities for improvement with managers, representing the employee’s opinions while at the same time managers are encouraged to actively communicate with employees of all levels as well. This creates a strong feeling of trust within the organization, which is excellent at managing diversity. At times of promotions, managers are advised first to look for the best candidate internally in order to gain advantage of the employee’s experience with the company and encouraging others to work hard and being the best andidate for future promotions. However, the companies philosophy is built among a concept which does not award employees with outstanding job titles but instead continiously increasing opportunities and responsibilities. The fast international expansion of course requires high level of training of new staff. As stated before, internal recruitment is one the main objectives, but since the number of staff is growing so fast, new employees need to be introduced to the job quickly. This process is being accelerated by on-the-job training in which new staff in new markets is invited to join a co-workers in an established market to be introduced into the philosophies, practices and day-to-day tasks. One of the main characteristics a H&M employee therefore needs to bring is a sense of entrepreneurship, good communication skills and being open to work in different environments. Once being hired by H&M, the employee is offered a huge range of benefits for which the company is well recognized for (a list of possible benefits is attached in the appendix)

germ line gene therapy essays

germ line gene therapy essays Whether it is referred to by its scientific term "syngamy" or by the general term "conception", the moment a sperm cell unites with an egg cell stirs, both in the scientist and the layperson, much awe and reverence. It is the point at which a new and unique genome is created. To some it is the instant a new person comes into existence. Such a union has been repeated for billions of years since its advent in the first, simple organisms. It is a means by which evolution can exert its influence. When the genetic material of two individuals combine in sexual reproduction, any variations between the two inherited sets of genes may result in offspring that are more or less suited to its environment. Human beings have come to a point in this process where we can now, to an extent, shape the environment to suit our needs. The evolution of intelligence in our specie is the characteristic that has had the most profound impact on our planet and on us. This intelligence, among other things, allows us to understand and combat some genetic diseases. Inventions such as spectacles to correct our vision or drugs that fight heart disease and cancer have extended and improved the lives of individuals who, in a more Darwinian world, would have otherwise been eliminated by natural selection. Cheating this process, however, has allowed a multitude of genetic diseases such as Tay Sachs and hemophilia to propagate in our gene pool. But researchers are taking the field of medicine to a new frontier that promises to eliminate genetic diseases. New technology is being developed that will allow scientists to alter or replace defective genes in germ-line cells (egg and sperm cells). In a literal sense it will allow us to control the evolution of our specie as these alterations may be passed on from generation t o generation. The implications are profound for the individual and for society. Above it all the specter of eugenics, the process of se...

What to Do With a Low SAT

What to Do With a Low SAT/ACT Score SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips You got your SAT/ACT score back, and it isn't what you'd hoped it'd be. Even though the SAT and ACT are each just a few hours long, the score you get often counts for a third or more of college admissions and can therefore have a big impact on your future. The fact that you're looking for solutions is a good first step. It's important, now more than ever, not to freak out and to instead calmly plan the best steps forward. In this article, we go over our top four tips for what to do with a low SAT or ACT score. Tip 1: Take the ACT/SAT Again Unless you're taking the ACT/SAT in December or February of your senior year, chances are you'll have another opportunity to take the test. The earlier you are in high school, the more time you'll have to work on improving your test score. If you're reading this in the fall of your senior year and still want to try to raise your test scores before you apply to college, I suggest getting online right now and registering for the next SAT or ACT (but you should first confirm that its scores will get to your schools in time). Taking the ACT/SAT is so powerful that, even if you don't prep much, your expected superscore can increase substantially (see here why superscoring means you should take it again). However, to make the most of a retake, you'll want to prep. To find out what the best way to prep is, check out our free book comparing SAT/ACT test prep methods. Tip 2: Take the Other Test If you've been taking only the ACT without having considered the SAT, try the SAT, and vice versa. The two tests actually have a lot of similarities these days, so you shouldn't have too much trouble switching to another test. If you're still not sure which test you'd be better at, take a look at our surefire "gold standard" technique to figure out the better test for you. Some students perform substantially better on one test;therefore, it's important to make sure you're taking the right test for you! Tip 3: Examine the Reasons You Did Poorly on the ACT/SAT It's important to analytically break down the reasons you did poorly on the ACT/SAT. For the SAT, you canrequest a copy of the test you took with your responses throughthe College Board's Question-and-Answer Service. This service lets you go over your incorrect answers and think about the reasons you might've got them wrong. This final tabulation can give you a clearer idea as to what you need to improve on a retake. If you took the ACT, you can request a Test Information Release (TIR). This service is similar to the SAT one above in that it lets you see your questions, answers, and an answer key. Once again, you can use this to your advantage by getting a better picture of your strengths and weaknesses. Once you understand what your weak points are on your test, you can target these more effectively using focused prep and official practice materials for the ACT and SAT. Tip 4: Get Stronger in Other Areas Good SAT/ACT scores are one of the quickest ways to bolster your admission chances. However, schools do look for other indications of your academic abilities and potential as well. In short, you can't just rely on your test scores alone! Here are some features that are certain to boost your chances of admission: A high GPA:To raise your GPA, you'll need to study hard for tests, do your homework correctly and turn it in on time, and pay more attention to your teachers during class. Quality recommendation letters:If you want solid recommendation letters for your college applications, you must take the time to develop strong relationships with your teachers over a number of years. Clubs: Extracurriculars can show that you're a committed and active student. But don't just join clubs- do well in them, too! Be aware that there is a catch, though. All of these qualities generally take years to develop, and if you have years, you might as well work on raising your SAT/ACT scores, too (which can improve substantially after intense, focused studying). If you don't have much time left before your applications are due, however, your two best options are as follows: Write a great admission essay:Pouring some extra time into your personal statement can leave a positive, lasting impression on the admission committee, even if the rest of your application isn't as strong. Word your application carefully:It's worthwhile to spend time making sure your overall application- especially any short responses- are the best quality possible. Ultimately, a lower SAT/ACT score doesn't necessarily mean that you won't get into the college of your dreams. Even if you don't make any big improvements on the ACT/SAT, you might still have a chance if you just pay a little more attention to other parts of your application! What's Next? What's a good SAT score? A good ACT score?Read our guides to learn what score you'll need on each exam to be considered good and great. Need more tips to help you get a great SAT/ACT score? Check out our comprehensive guides to learn the best SAT tips and ACT tricks out there. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

BDM midterm

BDM midterm Essay Ralph Edmund loves steak and potatoes. Therefore, he has decided to go on a steady diet of only these two foods for all his meals. Ralph realizes that this is not the healthiest diet, so he wants to make sure that he eats the right quantities of the two foods to satisfy some key nutritional requirements. He has obtained the following nutritional and costs data. The Oak Works is a family owned business that makes hand crafted dining room tables and chairs. They obtain the oak from a local tree farm, which ships them 2500 pounds of oak each month. Each table uses 50 pounds of oak while each chair uses 25 pounds of oak. The family builds all the furniture itself and has 480 hours of labour available each month. Each table or chair requires 6 hours of labour. Each table nets Oak Works $400 in profit, while each chair nets them $100 in profit. Since chairs are often sold with tables they want to produce at least twice as many chairs as tables. Formula a linear program to maximize profit. BDM midterm. (2016, May 16).

Brand management report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Brand management report - Essay Example Target customers are the high-end customers of the society thrive for lifestyle trendy products like Apple. Innovative and technological attributes of the Apple products are reinforcing the brand. The personality of the brand Apple is very different from other competitor brands. It is unique in nature. Trust worthiness of Apple products are very important benefit for the brand as can be seen in appendix. Innovative technologies provide intellectual development for consumers. Brand mantra of Apple is described on the basis of three factors those are 1) Brand Function, 2) Descriptive Modifier and 3) Emotional Modifier. Brand function of apple describes it as an example of innovation. Descriptive modifier for the brand Apple is technology. Emotional modifier is the passion for Apple products. Customer feels very passionate about possessing Apple products (Michael, 2005, pp. 145-152). On the base of the above analysis the brand identity of Apple is unique in nature. Apple products are generally costlier than its competitors. Still people feel passionate about buying this product because people get excitement and emotional attachment with the brand. The brand identity of Apple is unquestionable and unique in nature. Apple uses a different strategy of Blue Ocean that makes it different from other brand. The brand focuses on emotional aspects of the customers. It is very much related with life style kind of product. People feel that Apple is a very reliable brand. Customers fells lots of trust worthiness out of Apple. Customers feel very excited for the particular brand. Customers are so emotionally attached with the brand that they feel Apple as an important part of their life. Continuous innovation in technology is making this brand more and more superior in nature. Customers are always expecting something new from the brand and the brand always coming up with som e new innovations. Technological

HOW CAN I INCORPORATE DIVERSITY INTO EARLY CHILDHOOD Research Proposal

HOW CAN I INCORPORATE DIVERSITY INTO EARLY CHILDHOOD - Research Proposal Example Topic (500 words recommended) What literature relates to this topic? Have you indentified the key literature sources (3-5) that underpin your research? Why do we need to conduct research into this area? How is this topic relevant to early childhood education? Diversity is a term which has as diverse meanings as its name. In this research â€Å"diversity means the variety of differences among inhabitants that we need to take into account if we are to work with people† from every walk of life. In short here we are treating diversity as a dynamic social force in society which tries to bring people closer to each other no matter what or who they are (Aguirre, 2003). But if the topic is closely analyzed a question which comes to one’s mind is that what is the relation of diversification and early childhood, as mostly it is seen that diversification in human beings become prominent when they are adults. The impeding question is that why it is important to incorporate diversif ication in to early childhood programs when it is believed to be inculcated automatically when the up bringing of the child begins. One of the articles which would be referred will be article â€Å"Valuing Diversity† written by Maritza MacDonald (2002), in that article one of the examples that is given is that for every child, family has a different meaning. For some it means a single parent catering to the child needs, for others it means having a lot of older brothers and sisters etc. so when even the meaning of a family can be so diversified for a child who is not even aware of the fact what diversification is, then it can be imagined that how much affect diversification can have upon a child’s rearing. Another consideration will be given to the practicality of inculcating diversification into early childhood education programs. â€Å"Multicultural Education: Issues and Perspectives† written by Banks & Banks (1989) and â€Å"The care and education of young c hildren† by Comer (1989) proposed that early intervention programs for children mostly deal with the issues like how do different children learn through various types of education methods. This literature would be beneficial to first of all address any issue that might surface due to lack of proper communication between children belonging to different ethnic groups. It will also help in elucidating the aspects as to how can parents up bring their children in the diverse world? And what is the meaning of being a young one who is growing up in to this varied world? (Gonzalez-Mena & Pulido-Tobiassen, 1999). This diversity issue is important to be addressed in the early childhood because foundations for hatred and racial discrimination could be developed between the ages of 3 to 5, so it very critical to give diversity and anti bias training to children when they are young (Stephan & Vogt, 2004). Racism and hatred for each other are two things which if not nipped in the bud can ca use problems like extremism and terrorism. No parent can see his child going towards destructive path, therefore to see what changes can be brought in to child’s behavior and to observe how these changes can help us in the long run to irradiate problems like racism, and extremism incorporating diversity in early education programs might be helpful. 3. Research aim In general, what is the aim of your research project? Is your aim clear, understandable and concise? Is your aim relevant to the topic and identified

Women in Education Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Women in Education - Research Paper Example Attending college also enriches students’ lives in other ways that are longstanding and, indeed, extend to their offspring. (National Center for Education Statistics, 2002, p.19) The statement above well represents the values of our society concerning the higher education and its importance for the occupational outcomes in the future. Despite the fact that the majority believe that pursuing a higher education is a key to successful and promising future, not all of us seek this path thinking it an option for life success. This is particularly true for African Americans and African American females in particular. African Americans still remain an underrepresented group within the educational system of almost any level these days. For example, at highly selective colleges white students were 5 times as likely as African American students to get enrolled, as well as 2 or 3 times as likely to be admitted as their black peers (Huffington Post, 2012). At college, African American stu dent graduation rate is at a dismally low level: 42 per cent. In contrast, this figure for students who are white is 20 per cent above: 62 per cent. This data is true for both male and female college populations, although recent research shows that black women outperform black men at college. The situation is even worse at the post-graduate and doctoral levels. Stephanie Evans, the author of research â€Å"Women of Color in American Higher Education†, provides the following statistics: the number of black female faculty members was 2 per cent at the turn of the 21st century; after almost a decade, there were still so few of them in academia (Evans 131). In this paper, I argue that black women remain underrepresented in the higher education due to historical reasons, disparities in academic preparation due to unequal access to curriculum, income disparities, prejudice towards black women academic potential, stereotyping by professors and students, isolation and alienation, soc ial pressure, lack of Black role models and lack of mentoring support. The fact that for centuries African Americans had been prevented from getting any education at all and from pursuing higher education at white institutions has played a significant role in lack of higher education aspirations in black people. Gardner (1992) found that higher education aspirations in black students depended on their parents’ expectations (McKeemer 17). Further, Coleman (2001) found that lack of self-motivation and parental involvement was one of the factors that influenced the decision of an African American student to pursue higher education (McKeemer 20). In a recent qualitative study of gender and racial inequities that exist among college students, Rachelle Wrinkle-Wagner (2010) found that female college students of African American background are often approached with the question whether Black people, too, can do this (i.e. study in a college). Indeed, the culture of pursuing a colleg e degree is quite young: Evans (2007) reports that â€Å"the first successful Black applicants to the University of Florida would not be accepted until the late 1950s, more than a century after its founding in 1853† (Evans 135). Yet, the number of black students and faculty has traditionally remained low: among 5, 810 members of tenured faculty in the Florida State University System only 157 were black women (the number of black male faculty was 258), as of 2004 (Evans 135). Disparities in academic preparation due to unequal access to curriculum have played a significant role in preventing African American females from having college-bound aspirations. Caroline Simard argues that starting at the K-12 level, school students that come from minorities are more likely to be studying in

Moral foundations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Moral foundations - Essay Example It's easy to see where a moral misstep could be disastrous for any health professional. In order to mitigate these ethical conflicts, health professionals are held to strict codes of conduct and etiquette, as well as general laws about the treatment of patients and the protection of patient rights. However, there are many places where personal beliefs, codes of conduct, and law and policy are in disagreement. Beauchamp and Childress describe two major types of moral dilemmas that occur within the medical profession. The first type of moral dilemma occurs when there exists evidence that a specific action could be considered either right or morally reprehensible, but there isn't enough evidence to make the distinction. Beauchamps and Childress suggested abortion as an example of this type of dilemma; another example would be flag-burning (10). The second type of moral dilemma can arise when there are two possible courses of action for a health care professional. The obligations both ha ve equal moral weight under normal circumstances; however, in emergency situations, a set of obligations that must normally be obeyed can be ignored. The health care professional must choose a single course of action from multiple differing obligations. Because of the equal moral weight of the opinions on the action, whatever choice is used will always seem morally wrong to someone in some way, and seem right to others. (Beauchamp and Childress 10). The second type of moral dilemma given above leads directly to the idea introduced by Beauchamp and Childress that such dilemmas should be examined in order to determine the overriding set of moral actions in a given situation. It is up to the physician to decide the course of action which carries the greater moral weight and dismiss the other. These situations do not require that the physician must perform both actions, because, in many cases, that would be impossible, but they do cause an action that would otherwise be considered moral ly correct to be set aside. These sorts of conflicts between two sets of moral codes can seem impossible to work out if the relative moral weight of the two arguments is the same (Beauchamp and Childress 11). One reason for moral dilemmas in medical practice is the fact that many medical professionals are often given an exception from what would be considered correct behavior under the common morality. A special standard of morality applies to them which is sometimes in direct conflict with the general rules of morality (Beauchamp and Childress 3, 7). This double standard exists at least in part because medical professionals are professionals in a traditional sense, requiring special training and education in subjects that most of the public never receives. . This disagreement between general morality and special morality could cause the general public to believe that a medical professional is acting unethically for allowing some course of action that the public would not be able to also allow. Secondly, this discrepancy could cause a moral dilemma between a health care professional's private ethical and moral convictions, and the behaviors in his or her professional life that may differ from those private opinions. With regards to differences in moral standards for certain types of professionals, it is not that physicians and other health professionals are outside moral rules, but merely that they are held to standards appropriate for their status, also known as role obligations (Beauchamp and

Silent and Shadow Reports for BHP Billiton Essay

Silent and Shadow Reports for BHP Billiton - Essay Example Used as models are the silent and shadow accounts from Tesco and HSBC, written by the aforementioned authors, and available at http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~csearweb/aptopractice/silentacc.html The same style and format are adapted and applied to BHP Billiton, as follows. Silent Report Mission and Policy Statements We are the world’s largest diversified natural resources company. Our corporate objective is to create long-term shareholder value through the discovery, acquisition, development and marketing of natural resources. We pursue this through our consistent strategy of owning and operating large, long-life, low-cost, expandable, upstream assets diversified by commodity, geography and market. This strategy means more predictable business performance over time which, in turn, underpins the creation of value for our shareholders, customers, employees and, importantly, the communities in which we operate. We are among the world’s top producers of major commodities, inc luding aluminium, energy coal, metallurgical coal, copper, manganese, iron ore, uranium, nickel, silver and titanium minerals, and have substantial interests in oil and gas. We continue to invest in the future. Corporate Governance Statement The objective of BHP Billiton is to create long term value for shareholders through the discovery, development and conversion of natural resources, and the provision of innovative customer and market-focused solutions (Corporate Objective). The role of the BHP Billiton Board is to represent the shareholders and to promote and protect the interests of the Company. It does so by governing the Group. The Board has developed processes relating to: A. its own tasks and activities (Board Membership and Process) B. the matters specifically reserved for Board decision-making, the authority delegated to the Chief Executive Officer (CEO), the accountability of the CEO for that authority, and guidance on the management of the relationship between the Board and the CEO (Board and CEO Relationship); and C. the boundaries on CEO action (CEO Limits). Compliance with corporate governance BHP Billiton complies with the governance standards in our home jurisdictions of Australia and the UK, and with the governance requirements that apply to us as a result of our New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) listing and our registration with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in the US. There are summarised in the Corporate Governance Statement, the Remuneration Report, the Directors’ Report and the financial statements. Business principles and values The implementation of the Group’s strategy and our ongoing performance depends on the quality and motivation of our people. Our purpose is to create long-term shareholder value through the discovery, acquisition, development and marketing of natural resources. Our strategy is to own and operate large, low-cost, expandable, upstream assets diversified by commodity, geography and market. Our focus on the safety and health of our workforce, our fundamental drive for sustainability across all our business operations, our concern for the environment and communities within which we work, and our management of operational risks are reflected through our remuneration policy and structures. Board and committee structure The Board will always have a majority of Directors who are non-executive and are judged by the Board to be independent of judgement and character and free of material relationships with the Group and other entities and people that might influence or would be perceived by shareholders to influence such judgement. The Board will have the balance of non-executive and executive Directors that is effective for the promotion of shareholder interests and the governance of the Group. The

Women in Education Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Women in Education - Research Paper Example Attending college also enriches students’ lives in other ways that are longstanding and, indeed, extend to their offspring. (National Center for Education Statistics, 2002, p.19) The statement above well represents the values of our society concerning the higher education and its importance for the occupational outcomes in the future. Despite the fact that the majority believe that pursuing a higher education is a key to successful and promising future, not all of us seek this path thinking it an option for life success. This is particularly true for African Americans and African American females in particular. African Americans still remain an underrepresented group within the educational system of almost any level these days. For example, at highly selective colleges white students were 5 times as likely as African American students to get enrolled, as well as 2 or 3 times as likely to be admitted as their black peers (Huffington Post, 2012). At college, African American stu dent graduation rate is at a dismally low level: 42 per cent. In contrast, this figure for students who are white is 20 per cent above: 62 per cent. This data is true for both male and female college populations, although recent research shows that black women outperform black men at college. The situation is even worse at the post-graduate and doctoral levels. Stephanie Evans, the author of research â€Å"Women of Color in American Higher Education†, provides the following statistics: the number of black female faculty members was 2 per cent at the turn of the 21st century; after almost a decade, there were still so few of them in academia (Evans 131). In this paper, I argue that black women remain underrepresented in the higher education due to historical reasons, disparities in academic preparation due to unequal access to curriculum, income disparities, prejudice towards black women academic potential, stereotyping by professors and students, isolation and alienation, soc ial pressure, lack of Black role models and lack of mentoring support. The fact that for centuries African Americans had been prevented from getting any education at all and from pursuing higher education at white institutions has played a significant role in lack of higher education aspirations in black people. Gardner (1992) found that higher education aspirations in black students depended on their parents’ expectations (McKeemer 17). Further, Coleman (2001) found that lack of self-motivation and parental involvement was one of the factors that influenced the decision of an African American student to pursue higher education (McKeemer 20). In a recent qualitative study of gender and racial inequities that exist among college students, Rachelle Wrinkle-Wagner (2010) found that female college students of African American background are often approached with the question whether Black people, too, can do this (i.e. study in a college). Indeed, the culture of pursuing a colleg e degree is quite young: Evans (2007) reports that â€Å"the first successful Black applicants to the University of Florida would not be accepted until the late 1950s, more than a century after its founding in 1853† (Evans 135). Yet, the number of black students and faculty has traditionally remained low: among 5, 810 members of tenured faculty in the Florida State University System only 157 were black women (the number of black male faculty was 258), as of 2004 (Evans 135). Disparities in academic preparation due to unequal access to curriculum have played a significant role in preventing African American females from having college-bound aspirations. Caroline Simard argues that starting at the K-12 level, school students that come from minorities are more likely to be studying in

Silent and Shadow Reports for BHP Billiton Essay

Silent and Shadow Reports for BHP Billiton - Essay Example Used as models are the silent and shadow accounts from Tesco and HSBC, written by the aforementioned authors, and available at http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~csearweb/aptopractice/silentacc.html The same style and format are adapted and applied to BHP Billiton, as follows. Silent Report Mission and Policy Statements We are the world’s largest diversified natural resources company. Our corporate objective is to create long-term shareholder value through the discovery, acquisition, development and marketing of natural resources. We pursue this through our consistent strategy of owning and operating large, long-life, low-cost, expandable, upstream assets diversified by commodity, geography and market. This strategy means more predictable business performance over time which, in turn, underpins the creation of value for our shareholders, customers, employees and, importantly, the communities in which we operate. We are among the world’s top producers of major commodities, inc luding aluminium, energy coal, metallurgical coal, copper, manganese, iron ore, uranium, nickel, silver and titanium minerals, and have substantial interests in oil and gas. We continue to invest in the future. Corporate Governance Statement The objective of BHP Billiton is to create long term value for shareholders through the discovery, development and conversion of natural resources, and the provision of innovative customer and market-focused solutions (Corporate Objective). The role of the BHP Billiton Board is to represent the shareholders and to promote and protect the interests of the Company. It does so by governing the Group. The Board has developed processes relating to: A. its own tasks and activities (Board Membership and Process) B. the matters specifically reserved for Board decision-making, the authority delegated to the Chief Executive Officer (CEO), the accountability of the CEO for that authority, and guidance on the management of the relationship between the Board and the CEO (Board and CEO Relationship); and C. the boundaries on CEO action (CEO Limits). Compliance with corporate governance BHP Billiton complies with the governance standards in our home jurisdictions of Australia and the UK, and with the governance requirements that apply to us as a result of our New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) listing and our registration with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in the US. There are summarised in the Corporate Governance Statement, the Remuneration Report, the Directors’ Report and the financial statements. Business principles and values The implementation of the Group’s strategy and our ongoing performance depends on the quality and motivation of our people. Our purpose is to create long-term shareholder value through the discovery, acquisition, development and marketing of natural resources. Our strategy is to own and operate large, low-cost, expandable, upstream assets diversified by commodity, geography and market. Our focus on the safety and health of our workforce, our fundamental drive for sustainability across all our business operations, our concern for the environment and communities within which we work, and our management of operational risks are reflected through our remuneration policy and structures. Board and committee structure The Board will always have a majority of Directors who are non-executive and are judged by the Board to be independent of judgement and character and free of material relationships with the Group and other entities and people that might influence or would be perceived by shareholders to influence such judgement. The Board will have the balance of non-executive and executive Directors that is effective for the promotion of shareholder interests and the governance of the Group. The

Wilhelm Wundt Essay Example for Free

Wilhelm Wundt Essay Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt born on August 16th, 1832 in the German State of Baden was a philosopher, physician, professor and psychologist, and is considered by many as the â€Å"founder of modern psychology† or the â€Å"father of experimental psychology†. His contribution to psychology on a whole is noted favourably among modern psychologists; however, his labeling hence contribution to psychology as a science has distinguished him from many other prominent figures in the domain of psychology. He established the first laboratory committed exclusively to psychological research at the University in Leipzig, expanded experimental psychology as an established school of thought, developed the method of introspection which became the basis of the modern scientific method, wrote books and volumes of journals which channelled the spread of experimental psychology, and influenced different schools of thought such as structuralism and voluntarism. These were the major results of his efforts to pursue the study of human behavior in a systematic and scientific manner and his goal to establish psychology as a unique categorical science. Wundt, raised in a suburb called Neckarau, was the son of a Lutheran minister and grew up in an environment in which there were many scholars and intellectuals as both his parents’ families were made up of scholarly individuals such as historians, theologians, physicians and scientists. He therefore had a studious childhood and his education became solely the responsibility of his father’s assistant. His formal education began at the University of Tubingen, however, after staying for just one year he transferred to the University of Heidelberg where he became one of the top medical students in his class, graduated summa cum laude, and placed first in the state medical board examination (B. R. Hergenhahn, 2009). After graduating with his medical degree, he went on to the University of Berlin where he spent a year and after returned to Heidelberg where he became the lab assistant of famous physiologist Hermann Ludwig von Helmholtz. It was during this tenure with von Helmholtz that Wundt began to develop his theory that psychology was a natural science. This influenced him to give lectures on his scientific approach to psychology and write his first book called Contributions to the Theory of Sensory Perception which in essence paved the way for his journey in proving psychology to be a science. Wundt remained at Heidelberg until 1874 when he got an offer to be a Professor of inductive philosophy at Zurich University in Switzerland. After staying there for a year he received an appointment to teach philosophy at the University of Leipzig back home in Germany which he accepted and stayed until his death in 1920. The scientific approach by Wundt had soon come to be known as ‘Wundtian psychology’ because of its difference from what is was known as before him. The roots of psychology are quite archaic and are in fact dated back centuries to the early Greeks such as Aristotle and Hippocrates who had contrasting views of whether the heart or the brain was the seat of the mind. Glassman Hadad (2009) believed that generally psychology emerged from two traditions: philosophy and the natural science. Philosophers were always interested in understanding the meaning of human experience and perception. This interest sparked several studies which â€Å"set the stage for the development of the sciences, including psychology, through their reliance on observation as a means of knowing their world† (Kasschau, 2003, p. 15). One such philosopher was John Locke who showed his interest in deliberating the role of learning in behaviour when he wrote his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, which was published in 1690. Seventeenth century philosophers had introduced and popularized the idea of dualism, the concept that the mind and body are separate and distinct. Another famous philosopher Rene Descartes agreed with this idea; however he purported that there was still some interaction between mind and body. He had a mechanistic view of a human behaviour and reasoned that the mind and body influence each other to create a person’s experiences. He saw the mind as controlling the body’s movements, sensations, and perceptions. The scientific interests of psychology can also be dated back thousands of years with physicians such as Galen and Hippocrates who propelled their views of brain function. One scientist who emphatically influenced psychology was Isaac Newton. His work in physics helped to develop a scientific ‘method’ â€Å"consisting of observation, the formulation of hypotheses designed to predict events and outcomes and the subsequent testing of these hypotheses through further observation† (Watts, 2010). These elements remain central to the scientific method that is generally used in psychology. Also having great impact on psychology was Newton’s application of those methods and his theory of mechanical determinism. It was therefore believed that sciences such as biology, chemistry, physics and physiology had influenced aspects of psychology. Basically psychology was a combination or hybrid of different scientific fields and philosophy and was not seen as a distinct science. Philosophers such as Galileo, August Comte and Immanuel Kant rejected psychology as a science because they believed that it was outside the realm of science. Comte is noted famously for his exclusion of psychology from the classification of sciences which he wrote about in one of his famous writings Course of Positive Philosophy. John Stuart Mill, who was deeply influenced by and admired by Comte and his writings, disagreed with this exclusion. Mill voiced his objection of this exclusion and was of the opinion that psychology could become a science which he stated in his System of Logic in 1843; however, it needed someone with the scholarship and knowledge of how observation and experiments are made. Although Mill was of this position he did not go as far as to try to achieve this goal and only talked about doing psychological experiments; but Wundt took up the responsibility and actually did them. Therefore it was in the late 1800s and early 1900s that was the time when psychology broke away from philosophy and became a separate field of study (Plotnik Kouyoumdjian, 2011). Wundt believed that experimentation could be used to study only the simple processes of the mind but could not be used to study the more complex mental processes; however he did propose that it could help in the understanding of the higher mental processes. George A. Miller (1998) states that â€Å"For Wundt, psychology involved the analysis of consciousness into elements, the determination of the manner in which these elements are connected, and the determination of the laws of connection. This conception he borrowed from the British empiricists. Just as chemists had analyzed matter into atoms and anatomists had analyzed living systems into cells, psychologists, he decided, must analyze mind into the elementary sensations and feelings that make it up†.

Processes Innovation And Sustainable Development In Society Commerce Essay

Processes Innovation And Sustainable Development In Society Commerce Essay Propose new ways to manage sustainable development objective for to improve the quality of life on all side, Whether on business in the manufacturing of use of resources it is about new ways to manage sustainable development and environmental resource planning in society. Production of integrated model that promotes innovation in production processes and objectives of Slovenia on social development is to improve the quality of life and welfare of all persons measured by indicators of human development and social risks and sustainable development to include the three aspects. The economic, social and environmental. Linked and interrelated any development project. The third element to consider in this sustainable development is something that far more than just the environment. And so on Innovation technology, sustainability and society Jurgan Dorman [2001] This method is improve sustainability all for society all for society development on to innovation to become more sustainable. The method is how new products and service and can aims to help companies to identify market needs to match their core competence all of these to develop knowledge and innovation in the profession. Encouraging business to innovate to become more sustainable. It aims to help companies to identify market needs to match their core competences, and how new products and services can be developed. by helping to develop social study by young people seeking opportunities to learn to work together. And graduate education to develop knowledge and innovation in the profession but Sustainable innovation climate change mitigation Nelson , New York [1993] To climate change mitigation in natural resources and environment problems that occur because of rapid population increase. The idea is to use the system to for promoting sustainable innovation for climate mitigation is manage natural resources in the form plant communities relative to the climate. Natural resources and environmental problems that occur. Because of rapid population increase. The deterioration of natural resources quickly timely. Essentially relies on a database. Management system. Improve information systems at any time. Convert the area to be effective. Committee has been involved with teaching and learning, as well as GIS GIS application used to manage natural resources in the form of research with many different projects such as application of remote sensing and geographic information system or Sustainability and innovation, learning and Culture change to develop the principle that underpin of innovation effecting cultural change a learning organization need to progression from environmental management to sustainability management. These definitions share a view that long-term economic and social change can only be sustainable and beneficial when safeguarding the natural resources upon which development depends. But this means that managing the trade-off between the three legs of sustainability, is the greatest challenge to capitalist organization behavior .There cannot be a win situation for all of the three spheres of sustainability in the short term only in the long term within the sustainability framework. It is crucial that this area is addressed in the evolution of sustainability management systems organizations must have a solid basis to build their systems on so that the best advantage can be made of learning and evolving beyond the implementation of EMSs as they are currently constructed. Malcolm McIntosh, Bela Arora [2001] 2 Innovation and Sustainability in central Europe Imre Kovcah[2006]- Competition in the business on creative thinking of The direct answer to mind of consumers are product or service development walk next goal is one of the market, And maintain that commitment with the creation of sustainable growth to continue. As well as personal development. All of these are the work of operators to use both science and art of planning. Increasing competitive pressures are strongly associated with globaliszation of economy and economic structures. So, the question is how companies, regions and states are able to face up these pressures and become more competitive within the global economy. It is impossible to build up economy of the Czech Republic on the strategy of low-cost economy profiting from provisionally low input costs (especially low wages). This strategy is menaced by eastern countries with traditional cheap labour force (e.g. China, India) and the Czech Republic must build up its economy on different basis. It is necessary to encourage innovatory ability of companies, increasing quality of human resources, research and new technologies to become more competitive not only within the Europe but also all over the world. All these factors are significant for innovatory economic development within the Czech Republic. So, it is necessary to research the ability of regions within the Czech Republic to absorb or induce innovatory economic development. National innovation policy in modern developed states is one of the most significant and efficiency policies. There are innovation policies formulated not only at the national but also at the regional level in the developed states. Projects and their sources, dynamics, social availability and 3 Sustainable Business Model: Time for innovation Diane Osgood [2009] as these markets develop, their power can be integrated into business models and harnessed to help consumer make smart choices. Heres an illustrative case study :Due to local regulation in New South Wales, Australia, individuals can bundle their validated reduction in carbon emission and sell them on the NSW carbon market. An entrepreneurial company, easy being green, created a business trading energy-efficient light bulbs for individuals carbon credit when the price for carbon was high, this was a nicely profitable business that gave consumer a financial reward for switching to an energy-efficient product. Price volatility in the carbon market caused this pioneering venture to go belly up. Indeed, failure will always be a part of the pioneering landscape, especially when commodities have unstable market support. Creativity in order in order to produce goods and services create new value in it self for success business innovation side and the rigorous process of i nnovation management but 4 Sustainability Management, innovation and entrepreneurship In this method is helping the invention of products, support or protection. Because although the state agency that provide support for any innovation is protected with the idea to create sustainable that is a patented (Patent) with the development to the benefit of the commercial, Protection technology produces, Was instrumental in building alliances, Promoting investment To be set up manufacturing bases in the country and promote investment in research, Improve the quality of products continuously. This will lower the price. Weber [2005] Hà ¼lsmann[2003] a resource management sustainable when supply and consumption of material and imam-terial resources are balanced out. Just like the market is an institution that balances demand and supply; this resource community is the virtual place where resource consumption and supply are balanced out. For businesses this implies two different definitions of success (Hà ¼lsmann 2003): Companies have to be successful in the market (be profitable) and to main-tain their vital resources (be economical). Sustainability and innovation are deeply connected Nick Carlson [2101] In this theory, related to innovation and sustainable improvements and new development to be a good thing for example, manufactures detergent Tide has revealed that. Washing powder in his niche in the hot wash is most effective. Green tiles and glass tiles, glass tiles, the study found that when the new production will help reduce raw material and energy rather than ceramic tiles. The found that enable the development of good quality and economical as well innovation Are deeply connected thats have been developing some things new , and improving old products and products and processes through sustainable design. Furthermore still have been products that reduce raw material and energy waste that small changes shared by large bodied of people of people to commit the most changes in the same way 5 Sustainable innovation organized by the centre for sustainable design Martin Charter Tom Clark, [2007] Sustainable innovation organized by the centre for sustainable design products that have been developing in the median long-term many opportunity in response to market demand to be useful need for implementation in business will have to changes from experiences. The urgency of sustainable innovation is becoming internationally recognized as a vital contribution if not a panacea towards a sustainable future. The economic and business opportunities are also being recognized as immense. There are emerging positive signals of strengthening drivers and activity by governments and business recognition and discussion of the problems, however, is far from universal and recognition does not inevitably lead to a solution. Societies, economies and markets are still a long way from making the necessary changes to create widespread demand for sustainable products and services, and therefore demand for sustainable innovation but Invention and Innovation for sustainable development Although sustainable innovation is the practice of protecting the environment while improving living standards for all, and innovation and innovation is key to its success. Invention and innovation for sustainable development isnt just about developing new technology, but includes new processes and new ways of solving old problems creative despite the fact that people everywhere have an innate ability to be creative, rich country are not doing enough to stimulate and harness invention and creative thinking, and poor country tend to stifle innovation and creativity outright. Invention and innovation for sustainable development sustainable development is for all country, not just developing ones. While rich country need to develop their own impact on the environment, poor country need to develop their own innovation capacity in order to address their own particular needs. Julia Marton Lefever, Chair [2003] 6 Directional Certainty in Sustainability-Oriented Innovation Management Niko Paech [2000] Directional Certainty in Sustainability-Oriented Innovation Management the innovation process requires a different structure are not committed to the optimization its start should be returned to the decision level which the innovation direction Directional certainty then takes on a level of importance which extends beyond mere fine-tuning Therefore, if it is to serve the purpose of sustainable development, a change of course cannot be achieved while the mode of change remains otherwise structurally unchanged. Even innovations meant to be sustainable can have unintended effects, leave scars, and accelerate growth in consumption also Innovation management methods and tools for sustainable product service system Jelsma J(2000) , Mont O (2001) Innovation management method for sustainable product service system in case study is the act introducing something new tangible product and in tangible product create something new tangible product and in tangible product create something new or different from the others based on changes to create an opportunity and must be clear and focus on the development and most importantly, the act must be done innovation has to happen innovation one step. However, innovation in organization all organizations will then be successful most important cause of behavior due to the blocking ability of innovation that is not accepted or are afraid of what will be changed. Therefore important that business must be deal before proceeding with the organization for innovation we should need understand the overall business environment or industry groups that exist at present, which is considered appropriate in terms of the need for change , environment within the enterprise i s ready to innovation in the organization or not whether in terms of funding and personnel but 7 Technological innovation fostering sustainable development: some case study in Belgium. difference and thinking same on paragraph technological innovation fostering sustainable development in case studies, Which are drivers for innovation is however not only based on technology, but also on a dynamic management of human resource and long-term to the evolution of potential markets, case study of sustainable technology that differ from spreading to other technology to compare the distribution of their use of technology to promote innovation to diversify the group of potential adopters because most small organizations are often linked to the global organization of Belgian and Research will be sold to a wide range of products covering a comprehensive new teacher and the problem is depends on the response to external pressures. Environmental protection in a competitive trading standards lead to a new replacement product at the firm level reveal that there is not a single pattern of interactions between market strategy, environmental pressure, innovation process, human resour ce management and the regulatory and political context sustainable development opens opportunities for new products and markets, which are drivers for innovation. Innovation is however not only based on technology, but also on a dynamic management of human resource and a long-term approach to the evolution of potential markets. Gerard Valenduc, Cecile Patris, Francoise Warrant (1997-2001) Sustainable innovation organization and goal finding Bansal P, Roth K. (2000) sustainable innovation organization and goal finding explores the persona of the change agents and leader new in terms of transformational strategies for sustainability in order to identify the people with right set of behaviors as well as to develop the right set of techniques to make the transformation change to sustainability also 8 The role of Nature in Sustainable Innovation (Beaver, 2001) the rule of nature in sustainable innovation it may be noted, to paraphrase Beaver, that over 60% of all economic growth is due to technological advance rather than improvements in labor productivity. Jacobs (2007) The emphasize the importance of design in products and processes and the need to cooperate with partners in long term projects. They focus with partners on sustainable product development, marketing programs, sourcing and supply chains to improve health, social justice and long term prospects in addition to How innovation supports sustainability? Accord how to supports sustainable well define how countries can meet the needs of their people today without compromising those of future generation it has been a guiding principle for world economic development. Dow Cronming [2004] Forum 2009 making sustainable innovation real IXL center [2008] making sustainable innovations real are excellence and leadership will feature leaders in resource efficiency, clean and renewable energy, and sustainable construction and development but however it different with link between sustainability related innovation about thoughts that can be liked in different to be the success of the other industry to adapt to the organization people will be able to link and combine things together should be a person experienced a variety to see. Was faced with the every things that are fairly large and diverse experience is an important feature. For innovation by dint of thinking thoughts that can be linked in different ways, if simple is to learn from the experiences of others, especially from industry and other business but 9 Links between sustainability-related innovation and sustainability management This is because they tend to limit our learning to live, only in industry organizations operate to miss or lose the opportunity to learn and experience. The success of other industries to adapt to the organization people will be able to link and combine things together should be a person experienced a variety to see. Was faced with the very things that are fairly large and diverse experience is an important feature. Marcus Wagner, [2008] Sustainable Innovation and the Prometheus Effect Mark W Mcelroy[2004] sustainable innovation and the Prometheus effect action taken on the basic of knowledge about what work, social and environment related to business and globalization since our prevailing epistemologies legitimize such position by resorting to the same fallacious appeals but Science, Innovation, and Sustainability Chris Hollstedt [1996] Innovation and sustainability of science is to develop and establish goals to conserve the worlds biodiversity, sustainable use of components and the equitable sharing of benefits from the use of genetic also 10 Science, technology and innovation for sustainable development Machael Bordt , juio Miguel Rose and Johnne Boivin[2006] science technology innovation has taken on a multitude of meanings foundations of a more peaceful, prosperous and just world based on the principles of human dignity, equity at the global level are admirable, they are not based on a systematic concept framework that account the functional relationship between its various components. However Volunteer Tourism: Sustainable Innovation in Tourism, or just Pettin the Critters? what is whether of the development is a study of relationship between two volunteer tourism host thats suffering from a lack of affordable health care with minimal access to quality public education and healthy food and drink both are experience the benefit and the challenges of receiving volunteer tourists this is an attempt to illuminate the relationships between and among volunteer tourists Nancy G. Mcgehee[2005] Sustainability Innovation (Student Challenge) University of Michigan[2015] sustainability commitments the Dow chemical company has established the Dow sustainability innovation student challenge award to recognize innovation aligned with companys sustainability goals based on demonstrated academic excellence in the field of sustainability in the same way 11 The Dow sustainability Innovation Student Challenge Dow set important goals improve the environment, health and safety performance of people around the world and was recognized for its achievements strengthening relationships within the communities where Dow operates, continue to improve our product stewardship and innovation to solve the worlds most pressing problems, and reducing our global footprint. The Dow Challenge presents a unique opportunity to recognize outstanding students at the University of Michigan for their innovative ideas in pursuit of sustainability. On behalf of the University of Michigan, the Graham Environmental Sustainability Institute has accepted responsibility for the promotion and management of this program. Noah Wilson Rich[1995] Sustainable Innovation (Drivers and Barriers) Andrew Dearing [1236] Drivers and Barriers sustainability innovation about the link between their own values and those of their customers but there is much more to be done and important lessons to be learned and applied, especially to obtain innovation that addresses the social pillar of sustainable development. There are many ways in which other stakeholders can assist these efforts sustainable development is a metaphor for opportunity and progress as well as a reminder of obligations and uncertainty. It requires a step-change improvement in performance. Merely doing better what we are already doing is not sufficient to meet the needs and aspirations of a growing world population with dignity. At the same time, commercial success depends upon carrying out business in value-creating ways and 12 Sustainability (Driven by innovation) Carsten Beverungen [2009] driven by innovation targeting markets driven by wellness and sustainability their worldwide presence and consumer insight enable us to support our customers in boosting efficiency and in serving target groups that personal well-being and comfort With our throng focus on natural, renewable raw materials, we follow the logic of nature. As a successful company, we seek to play an intergral, proactive role within the wider social environment always showing deep respect for the cultures in which we operate. With our trong focus on natural, renewable raw materials, we follow the logic of nature. Accordingly, they seek to work in harmony with the environment. Their products, concepts and services enable our customers to reduce the ecological impacts of their products and processes but Sustainability Innovation Lab (Engage) In theory, this involves design In order to provide better social and ecological systems. This innovation requires the cooperation of the community. And the actual trial. To develop the resources and the environment in a better way besides different thinking about innovation lab engage focus on a key issue it was clear while this innovation this innovation lab was customized to the dilemma and context of this particular client, the process architecture and manner of hosting are relevant to other largess stakeholder issues seeking to spur innovation and action in a short period of time. Peter Merry and Tatiana Glad[2009] 13 Sustainable Saudi business tourism (SBT) innovation: improving the position of SBT coping with information system Kiss [2004] In theory about the process of tourism development is sustainable. Based on elements of product and service development, these events will vary. Both products. And patterns of service. This will all depend on the environment and the knowledge that it is an advantage in business. Sustainable development will lead to the development of something new and better efficiency. The concept of sustainable development has received attention of academic and government are significant and have contributed significantly. This has resulted in the development of sustainable tourism operators have the opportunity to achieve a high. Sustainable business tourism we study this theory about process sustainable waste components products and service development competition this will instead them in order to at how different products present them smart changes rules if they Dioxide order of magnitude on the other hand, From the editor / why green is growing (when not much else is) also they study about the concept of sustainable tourism development has received attention in academic and government support and is very explicit in a number of policies for sustainable tourism and books document. The discussion of sustainable tourism is often limited to analysis of how to ensure continuity of travel by reducing the negative impacts in other words, it may be pointed out that the concept of sustainable tourism, a lot of about the continuity of tourism than it is about support for the sustainability of tourism. Harper Collins, [2009] 14 Advancing sustainability though change and innovation: A co-evolutionary perspective Coupland, Ehrenfeld[2005] In theory, this will tell the benefits of decisions and the impact of what variations. Such as evolution ,ecological, social and participatory If the service.   How to adjust the social system and ecosystem, can enable a new social norm of the structure and making process decision. Correlated evolution of interacting with a dynamic ecosystem of emergency activities worth empowerment in the country have adapted by developing a high level of science knowledge to solve the problem of the risk of continuing. Environmental risks associated with the distribution.   Society is reflected in new   criteria and procedures relating to the environmental consult around the community. Advancing sustainability through change and innovation that how to adjust between social system and ecosystems can enable a new social norms and processes of decision-making structure of the community evolution relationship to interact with a dynamic ecosystem of emergency activities i n the country have adapted by developing a high level of scientific knowledge around issues, making them toxic to engage in continuing although 15 Innovation system dynamic and sustainable development challenges for policy Dr.Maj Munch Andersen[2004] National Innovation System is a network of institutions in the national economy with activity and interaction between them. National innovation agency recognize the importance of increase competitiveness of national industry with the goal of intervening in the innovation strategy of the industry is restructuring or fundamentals of the industry. Innovation system dynamic social of norms and processes provide innovation planning system to make exchange of knowledge to initiatives to alter the import and innovation of technology to generate new business with higher added values and innovation as an alternative to the strategy that industry. The NIS perspective, this journal has argued, make up a new rational in environmental policymaking, the possible implications of which yet need to be further explored and tried out. At first the NIS approach seems to resemble the IPP (integrated product policy) as promoted by environmental policy in later years. But while both seek to promote company voluntary environmental action however, 16 Education, research innovation for sustainable development education, research and innovation for sustainable development as for global knowledge dissemination, one is left to wonder what policies can be envisaged to help SME to access knowledge that has been publicly promoted, suggested that both competition and co-operative research, to develop a global innovative society, pointed out the importance of Third Level Education for the optimal creation and utilization of science in innovative activities, both for the economy and the society as a source of technological and social innovations .Patrizia Tiberi Vipraio [2007] Education for sustainable development innovations programs in African university UNESCO [2006-2007] We study this theory about the purpose of the UNDESCO to facilitate networking and exchange link. And interaction among stakeholders in ESB, of the quality of the increase of teaching and learning in education for sustainable development, helping the country to make progress and achieve Millennium development goals through ESD. Efforts, and country with new opportunity to incorporate ESD into efforts to reform education. Mainstreaming environment and sustainability into university partnership aims to enhance the quality and policy relevance of university education in through the implementation of environment and sustainability as an underlying topic in diverse curricula and as practice in all other aspects of university life which will benefit the lives and careers of the direct program participants but 17 Sustainable innovation and business schools David Cooperrider [2003] We study this theory about the design is committed to build. Thinking and design skills. Experience into it self designed to introduce the innovation of its own for product development. Idea of the design process and are thought to vary. Depending on who invented the form of such things. Perhaps that is designed to be a problem. This decay is designed to develop the fix came out perfect. To take advantage of products and value products different sustainable innovation in school they believe that faculty in business school everywhere should be engaging in this kind of process, designing for a sustainable world. Management essence all about directing vision and resource toward inspiring the strongest joint performance and achieving the greatest results, in the same way Sustainability innovation in United Kingdom schools Sustainability innovation in United Kingdom school for learning environment learning difficulties, the overriding aim is to create socially progressive and resource efficient designs. The designs should provide inspiration learning environments shaped around people and deliver improved environmental performance in the present, they should also ensure the building has the ability to incorporate further renewable and low carbon solutions in the future, as the economic. Sustainable thinking has played a key role in generating exemplary educational buildings and master plans. Whether an innovative technology academy or a low energy school for students with learning difficulties, the overriding aim is to create socially progressive and resource efficient designs. Its sustainability credentials comprise the following : Passive cooling Thermal mass is extensively used to eliminate the need to install mechanical cooling. Earth tubes To further increase passive cooling, under the school and up through concrete risers, thereby using ground source cooling to temper the air prior to introducing it into the teaching areas. Winter Gardens These are key to passive stack ventilation in summer and reservoirs for heat reclamation in winter. Orientation The building is designed to catch low angle sunlight in walkways where it can be captured and reused through central air handling units with heat exchangers, while avoiding summer sun angles and overheating. Classrooms predominantly face north to minimise the use of blinds and maximise the quality and quantity of daylight. Head, W. and R. Buckingham[2009] 18 Innovation and sustainability : empirical influences of environmental management on corporate RD in Europe Albrecht ,J [1998] empirical influences of environmental management on corporate in Europe environmental management system and particular manger activity to reduce negative environment impacts have a positive influence on the probability of firms to carry out environment innovation, short environmental innovation in order to avoid a common issue with empirical on the other hand, Knowledge, innovation and sustainability the implementation of voluntary environmental policy in Greece: the case of environmental management system Radaelli, 2004; Boorze Risse [2000] for example this case study of environmental management system the implementation of environmental management systems for both enterprise and city level there new tools are considered to be crucial instruments for sustainable development and ecological modernization strategy, because they support ecological efficiency and innovation the implementation of EMS and the adoption of innovative technology can help the reduction of emissions, the saving of energy and water and the environmental awareness of the public 19 Sustainability innovation cube A framework to evaluate sustainability of products innovations Erik G. Hansen [1987] sustainability innovation a framework evaluate sustainability of product innovations introducing the concept of sustainability-oriented innovation they highlighted the fact that objective evaluation methods for defining sustainability-related innovations do currently not exist due to the multidimensionality of sustainability. Instead, SOI are innovations which are individually perceived as adding positive value to sustainable developmen